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Direct electron ionization liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry interface
A direct electron ionization liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry interface (Direct-EI LC-MS interface ) is a technique for coupling liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based on the direct introduction of the liquid effluent into an electron ionization (EI) source.〔A. Cappiello, G. Famiglini, E. Pierini, P. Palma, H. Trufelli, ''Advanced Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Interface Based on Electron Ionization''. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 5364-5372.〕 Library searchable mass spectra are generated. Gas-phase EI has many applications for the detection of HPLC amenable compounds showing minimal adverse matrix effects. The direct-EI LC-MS interface provides access to well-characterized electron ionization data for a variety of LC applications and readily interpretable spectra from electronic libraries for environmental, food safety, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and other applications.〔A. Cappiello, G. Famiglini, E. Pierini, P. Palma, H. Trufelli Advanced Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Interface Based on Electron Ionization. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 5364-5372.〕〔P. Palma , G. Famiglini, H. Trufelli, A. Cappiello. Towards a Universal Detector for Small Molecule Applications. LC GC, 2010, 23, 126-134〕
==Background==
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS) are two analytical techniques that, in principle, seem to be incompatible. However, because these two approaches share a great deal of applications in the analysis of suitable molecules, typically less than 1000 u, a large effort has been devoted by the scientific community to develop a reliable, easy-to-use, and flawless interface. The first successful and commercially available device to combine EI and HPLC was designed by Willoughby and Browner in 1984.〔R.C. Willoughby, R.F. Browner 1984. Monodisperse aerosol generation interface for coupling liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 2625-2632.〕 It was based on the conversion of the solute into a beam of particles, after the formation of spray droplets and the elimination of the solvent vapors through a multi-stage momentum separator. Although its efficient interfacing mechanism and a unique trait, particle beam performance was sometimes inadequate to an increasing number of new, demanding applications and was quickly replaced by a family of atmospheric pressure ionization-based interfaces (API) when they became commercially available. However, the possibility to record an EI spectrum from an HPLC application remained a challenge for a long time. The first Direct-EI prototype was first presented in 2002〔A. Cappiello, G. Famiglini, F. Mangani, P. Palma A Simple Approach for Coupling Liquid Chromatography and Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 13, 265–273〕 and proposed an innovative approach that improved interfacing performance compared to that of particle beam and opened new opportunities for LC-MS applications.
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